Summary: Glycosyl hydrolase family 14

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Wikipedia: Glycoside hydrolase family 14
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Glycoside hydrolase family 14 Edit Wikipedia article

Glycosyl hydrolase family 14

beta-amylase from bacillus cereus var. mycoides in complex with maltose

Identifiers

Symbol

Glyco_hydro_14

Pfam clan

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

In molecular biology, Glycoside hydrolase family 14 is a family of glycoside hydrolases.

Glycoside hydrolases EC 3.2.1. are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycoside hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of >100 different families.^[1]^[2]^[3] This classification is available on the CAZy(http://www.cazy.org/GH1.html) web site,^[4] and also discussed at CAZypedia, an online encyclopedia of carbohydrate active enzymes. ^[5]

Glycoside hydrolase family 14 CAZY GH_14 comprises enzymes with only one known activity; beta-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2). A Glu residue has been proposed as a catalytic residue, but it is not known if it is the nucleophile or the proton donor. Beta-amylase^[6]^[7] is an enzyme that hydrolyzes 1,4-alpha-glucosidic linkages in starch-type polysaccharide substrates so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains. Beta-amylase is present in certain bacteria as well as in plants.

Three highly conserved sequence regions are found in all known beta-amylases. The first of these regions is located in the N-terminal section of the enzymes and contains an aspartate which is known^[8] to be involved in the catalytic mechanism. The second, located in a more central location, is centred around a glutamate which is also involved^[9] in the catalytic mechanism.

The 3D structure of a complex of soybean beta-amylase with an inhibitor (alpha-cyclodextrin) has been determined to 3.0A resolution by X-ray diffraction.^[10] The enzyme folds into large and small domains: the large domain has a (beta alpha)8 super-secondary structural core, while the smaller is formed from two long loops extending from the beta-3 and beta-4 strands of the (beta alpha)8 fold.^[10] The interface of the two domains, together with shorter loops from the (beta alpha)8 core, form a deep cleft, in which the inhibitor binds.^[10] Two maltose molecules also bind in the cleft, one sharing a binding site with alpha-cyclodextrin, and the other sitting more deeply in the cleft.^[10]

[edit] References

^ Henrissat B, Callebaut I, Mornon JP, Fabrega S, Lehn P, Davies G (1995). "Conserved catalytic machinery and the prediction of a common fold for several families of glycosyl hydrolases". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (15): 70907094. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.15.7090. PMC 41477. PMID 7624375. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=41477.
^ Henrissat B, Davies G (1995). "Structures and mechanisms of glycosyl hydrolases". Structure 3 (9): 853859. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00220-9. PMID 8535779.
^ Bairoch, A. "Classification of glycosyl hydrolase families and index of glycosyl hydrolase entries in SWISS-PROT". 1999.
^ Henrissat, B. and Coutinho P.M. "Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes server". 1999.
^ CAZypedia, an online encyclopedia of carbohydrate-active enzymes.
^ Fukazawa C, Mikami B, Morita Y (1988). "Primary structure and function of beta-amylase". Seikagaku 60 (3): 211216. PMID 2457058.
^ Friedberg F, Rhodes C (1988). "Segments of amino acid sequence similarity in beta-amylases". Protein Seq. Data Anal. 1 (6): 499501. PMID 2464171.
^ Sakiyama F, Nitta Y, Isoda Y, Toda H (1989). "Identification of glutamic acid 186 affinity-labeled by 2,3-epoxypropyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside in soybean beta-amylase". J. Biochem. 105 (4): 573576. PMID 2474529.
^ Totsuka A, Nong VH, Kadokawa H, Itoh Y, Fukazawa C, Kim CS (1994). "Residues essential for catalytic activity of soybean beta-amylase". Eur. J. Biochem. 221 (2): 649654. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18777.x. PMID 8174545.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Katsube Y, Mikami B, Sato M, Shibata T, Hirose M, Aibara S, Morita Y (1992). "Three-dimensional structure of soybean beta-amylase determined at 3.0 A resolution: preliminary chain tracing of the complex with alpha-cyclodextrin". J. Biochem. 112 (4): 541546. PMID 1491009.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR001554

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This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.

Glycosyl hydrolase family 14 Provide feedback

This family are beta amylases.

Internal database links

Similarity to PfamA using HHSearch:

Glyco_hydro_42

External database links

CAZY:	GH14
HOMSTRAD:	ghf14
PANDIT:	PF01373
Pseudofam:	PF01373
SCOP:	1byb
SYSTERS:	Glyco_hydro_14

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR001554

O-Glycosyl hydrolases (EC) are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycosyl hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of 85 different families [PUBMED:7624375, PUBMED:8535779]. This classification is available on the CAZy (CArbohydrate-Active EnZymes) web site.

Glycoside hydrolase family 14 CAZY comprises enzymes with only one known activity; beta-amylase (EC). A Glu residue has been proposed as a catalytic residue, but it is not known if it is the nucleophile or the proton donor.

Beta-amylase [PUBMED:2457058, PUBMED:2464171] is an enzyme that hydrolyses 1,4-alpha-glucosidic linkages in starch-type polysaccharide substrates so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains. Beta-amylase is present in certain bacteria as well as in plants.

Three highly conserved sequence regions are found in all known beta-amylases. The first of these regions is located in the N-terminal section of the enzymes and contains an aspartate which is known [PUBMED:2474529] to be involved in the catalytic mechanism. The second, located in a more central location, is centred around a glutamate which is also involved [PUBMED:8174545] in the catalytic mechanism.

The 3D structure of a complex of soybean beta-amylase with an inhibitor (alpha-cyclodextrin) has been determined to 3.0A resolution by X-ray diffraction [PUBMED:1491009]. The enzyme folds into large and small domains: the large domain has a (beta alpha)8 super-secondary structural core, while the smaller is formed from two long loops extending from the beta-3 and beta-4 strands of the (beta alpha)8 fold [PUBMED:1491009]. The interface of the two domains, together with shorter loops from the (beta alpha)8 core, form a deep cleft, in which the inhibitor binds [PUBMED:1491009]. Two maltose molecules also bind in the cleft, one sharing a binding site with alpha-cyclodextrin, and the other sitting more deeply in the cleft [PUBMED:1491009].

Gene Ontology

The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.

Molecular function	beta-amylase activity (GO:0016161)
Biological process	polysaccharide catabolic process (GO:0000272)

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

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Pfam Clan

This family is a member of clan Glyco_hydro_tim (CL0058), which contains the following 50 members:

Alpha-amylase Alpha_L_fucos Cellulase Cellulase-like DUF187 DUF4015 DUF4038 DUF4434 GHL1-3 GHL12 GHL13 GHL15 GHL5 GHL6 Glyco_hydr_30_2 Glyco_hydro_1 Glyco_hydro_10 Glyco_hydro_101 Glyco_hydro_114 Glyco_hydro_14 Glyco_hydro_17 Glyco_hydro_18 Glyco_hydro_20 Glyco_hydro_25 Glyco_hydro_26 Glyco_hydro_2_C Glyco_hydro_3 Glyco_hydro_30 Glyco_hydro_31 Glyco_hydro_35 Glyco_hydro_39 Glyco_hydro_42 Glyco_hydro_44 Glyco_hydro_53 Glyco_hydro_56 Glyco_hydro_59 Glyco_hydro_66 Glyco_hydro_70 Glyco_hydro_72 Glyco_hydro_77 Glyco_hydro_79n Glyco_hydro_97 Glyco_hydro_cc hDGE_amylase Lipid_bd Melibiase NAGidase NAGLU Raffinose_syn Xylanase

Alignments

We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.

Alignment types

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:

seed: the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
full: the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
RP15/RP35/RP55/RP75: Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
NCBI: alignment generated by searching the NCBI sequence database using the family HMM
meta: alignment generated by searching the metagenomics sequence database using the family HMM

Viewing

You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:

jalview: a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
HTML: an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
PP/Heatmap: an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.
Pfam viewer: an HTML-based viewer that uses DAS to retrieve alignment fragments on request

Reformatting

You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:

Selex
Stockholm
FASTA
MSF

You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.

Downloading

You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.

View options

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.

	Seed (5)	Full (548)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (752)	Meta (23)
	Seed (5)	Full (548)	RP15 (48)	RP35 (111)	RP55 (143)	RP75 (172)	NCBI (752)	Meta (23)
Jalview	View	View	View	View	View	View	View	View
HTML	View	View	View	View	View	View
PP/heatmap	₁	View	View	View	View	View
Pfam viewer	View	View

¹Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available

Key: available, not generated, — not available.

Format an alignment

	Seed (5)	Full (548)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (752)	Meta (23)
	Seed (5)	Full (548)	RP15 (48)	RP35 (111)	RP55 (143)	RP75 (172)	NCBI (752)	Meta (23)
Alignment:
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.

	Seed (5)	Full (548)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (752)	Meta (23)
	Seed (5)	Full (548)	RP15 (48)	RP35 (111)	RP55 (143)	RP75 (172)	NCBI (752)	Meta (23)
Raw Stockholm	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download
Gzipped	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

External links

MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER3.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.

Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

SCOP

Previous IDs:

Glycosyl_hydr22;

Type:

Domain

Author:

Bateman A

Number in seed:

5

Number in full:

548

Average length of the domain:

308.80 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

44 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

78.16 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 23193494 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	19.4	19.4
Trusted cut-off	19.4	19.4
Noise cut-off	19.3	19.3

Model length:

402

Family (HMM) version:

12

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

Sunburst
Tree

Sunburst controls

Show

This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...

This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.

How the sunburst is generated

The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.

In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:

superkingdom
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Colouring and labels

Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.

As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.

Missing taxonomic levels

Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.

Unmapped species names

The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.

So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".

Sub-species

Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.

Too many species/sequences

For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.

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Tree controls

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The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
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Interactions

There are 2 interactions for this family. More...

CBM_20 Glyco_hydro_14

Structures

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Glyco_hydro_14 domain has been found. There are 66 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein seqence.

Loading structure mapping...

Archea	Eukaryota
Bacteria	Other sequences
Viruses	Unclassified
Viroids	Unclassified sequence

Family: Glyco_hydro_14 (PF01373)

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