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7  structures 78  species 0  interactions 762  sequences 4  architectures

Family: P2X_receptor (PF00864)

Summary: ATP P2X receptor

Pfam includes annotations and additional family information from a range of different sources. These sources can be accessed via the tabs below.

This is the Wikipedia entry entitled "P2X purinoreceptor". More...

P2X purinoreceptor Edit Wikipedia article

ATP P2X receptor
Identifiers
Symbol P2X_receptor
Pfam PF00864
InterPro IPR001429
PROSITE PDOC00932
TCDB 1.A.7
OPM superfamily 202
OPM protein 3h9v

P2X receptors are a family of cation-permeable ligand gated ion channels that open in response to the binding of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). They belong to a larger family of receptors known as the purinergic receptors. P2X receptors are present in a diverse array of organisms including humans, mouse, rat, rabbit, chicken, zebrafish, bullfrog, fluke, and amoeba.[1]

Figure 1. Schematic representation showing the membrane topology of a typical P2X receptor subunit. First and second transmembrane domains are labeled TM1 and TM2.
Figure 2. Crystal structure of the zebrafish P2X4 receptor (deltaP2X4-B) channel as viewed from the side (left), extracellular (top right), and intracellular (bottom right) perspectives(PDB 3I5D)

Contents

[edit] Physiological roles

P2X receptors are involved in a variety of physiological processes,[1][2] including:

[edit] Tissue distribution

P2X receptors are expressed in cells from a wide variety of animal tissues. On presynaptic and postsynaptic nerve terminals and glial cells throughout the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, P2X receptors have been shown to modulate synaptic transmission.[1][9] Furthermore, P2X receptors are able to initiate contraction in cells of the heart muscle, skeletal muscle, and various smooth muscle tissues, including that of the vasculature, vas deferens and urinary bladder. P2X receptors are also expressed on leukocytes, including lymphocytes and macrophages, and are present on blood platelets. There is some degree of subtype specificity as to which P2X receptor subtypes are expressed on specific cell types, with P2X1 receptors being particularly prominent in smooth muscle cells, and P2X2 being widespread throughout the autonomic nervous system. However, such trends are very general and there is considerable overlap in subunit distribution, with most cell types expressing more than one subunits. For example, P2X2 and P2X3 subunits are commonly found co-expressed in sensory neurons, where they often co-assemble into functional P2X2/3 receptors.

[edit] Basic structure and nomenclature

To date, seven separate genes coding for P2X subunits have been identified, and named to as P2X1 through P2X7.[1][10]

receptor subtype HUGO gene name chromosomal location
P2X1 P2RX1 17p13.3
P2X2 P2RX2 12q24.33
P2X3 P2RX3 11q12
P2X4 P2RX4 12q24.32
P2X5 P2RX5 17p13.3
P2X6 P2RX6 22p11.21
P2X7 P2RX7 12q24

The subunits all share a common topology, possessing two plasma membrane spanning domains, a large extracellular loop and intracellular carboxyl and amino termini (Figure 1)[11] The amino termini contain a consensus site for protein kinase C phosphorylation, indicating that the phosphorylation state of P2X subunits may be involved in receptor functioning.[12] Additionally, there is a great deal of variability in the C termini, indicating that they might serve subunit specific properties.[13]

Generally speaking, most subunits can form functional homomeric or heteromeric receptors.[14] Receptor nomenclature dictates that naming is determined by the constituent subunits; e.g. a homomeric P2X receptor made up of only P2X1 subunits is called a P2X1 receptor, and a heteromeric receptor containing P2X2 and P2X3 subunits is called a P2X2/3 receptor. The general consensus is that P2X6 cannot form a functional homomeric receptor and that P2X7 cannot form a functional heteromeric receptor.[15][16]

Evidence from early molecular biological and functional studies has strongly indicated that the functional P2X receptor protein is a trimer, with the three peptide subunits arranged around an ion-permeable channel pore.[17] This view was recently confirmed by the use of X-ray crystallography to resolve the three-dimensional structure of the zebrafish P2X4 receptor[18](Figure 2). These findings indicate that the second transmembrane domain of each subunit lines the ion-conducting pore and is therefore responsible for channel gating.[19]

The relationship between the structure and function of P2X receptors has been the subject of considerable research, and key protein domains responsible for regulating ATP binding, ion permeation, pore dilation and desensitization have been identified.[20][21]

[edit] Activation and channel opening

Three ATP molecules are thought to be required to activate a P2X receptor, suggesting that ATP needs to bind to each of the three subunits in order to open the channel pore, though recent evidence suggests that ATP binds at the three subunit interfaces.[22][23] Once ATP binds to the extracellular loop of the P2X receptor, it evokes a conformational change in the structure of the ion channel that results in the opening of the ion-permeable pore. The most commonly accepted theory of channel opening involves the rotation and separation of the second transmembrane domain (TM) helices, allowing cations such as Na+ and Ca2+ to access the ion-conducting pore through three lateral fenestrations above the TM domains.[24][25] The entry of cations leads to the depolarization of the cell membrane and the activation of various Ca2+-sensitive intracellular processes.[26] [27] The channel opening time is dependent upon the subunit makeup of the receptor. For example, P2X1 and P2X3 receptors desensitize rapidly (a few hundred milliseconds) in the continued presence of ATP, whereas the P2X2 receptor channel remains open for as long as ATP is bound to it.

[edit] Pharmacology

The pharmacology of a given P2X receptor is largely determined by its subunit makeup.[10] Different subunits exhibit different sensitivities to purinergic agonists such as ATP, α,β-meATP and BzATP; and antagonists such as pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS) and suramin.[1] Of continuing interest is the fact that some P2X receptors (P2X2, P2X4, human P2X5, and P2X7) exhibit multiple open states in response to ATP, characterized by a time-dependent increase in the permeabilities of large organic ions such as N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG+) and nucleotide binding dyes such as propidium iodide (YO-PRO-1). Whether this change in permeability is due to a widening of the P2X receptor channel pore itself or the opening of a separate ion-permeable pore is the subject of continued investigation.[28]

[edit] Synthesis and Trafficking

P2X receptors are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. After complex glycosylation in the Golgi apparatus, they are transported to the plasma membrane whereby docking is achieved through specific members of the SNARE protein family.[29] A YXXXK motif in the C terminus is common to all P2X subunits and seems to be important for trafficking and stabilization of P2X receptors in the membrane.[30] Removal of P2X receptors occurs via clathrin-mediated endocytosis of receptors to endosomes where they are sorted into vesicles for degradation or recycling.[31]

[edit] Allosteric modulation

The sensitivity of P2X receptors to ATP is strongly modulated by changes in extracellular pH and by the presence of heavy metals (e.g. zinc and cadmium). For example, the ATP sensitivity of P2X1, P2X3 and P2X4 receptors is attenuated when the extracellular pH<7, whereas the ATP sensitivity of P2X2 is significantly increased. On the other hand, zinc potentiates ATP-gated currents through P2X2, P2X3 and P2X4, and inhibits currents through P2X1. The allosteric modulation of P2X receptors by pH and metals appears to be conferred by the presence of histidine side chains in the extracellular domain.[1] In contrast to the other members of the P2X receptor family, P2X4 receptors are also very sensitive to modulation by the macrocyclic lactone, ivermectin.[32] Ivermectin potentiates ATP-gated currents through P2X4 receptors by increasing the open probability of the channel in the presence of ATP, which it appears to do by interacting with the transmembrane domains from within the lipid bilayer.[33]

[edit] Subfamilies

[edit] Human proteins containing this domain

P2RX1; P2RX2; P2RX3; P2RX4; P2RX5; P2RX7; P2RXL1; TAX1BP3

[edit] See also

Portal icon Neuroscience portal

Ligand-gated ion channels

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h North RA (2002). "Molecular physiology of P2X receptors". Physiol. Rev. 82 (4): 1013–67. doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2002 (inactive 2010-08-02). PMID 12270951. 
  2. ^ Khakh BS, North RA (2006). "P2X receptors as cell-surface ATP sensors in health and disease". Nature 442 (7102): 527–32. doi:10.1038/nature04886. PMID 16885977. 
  3. ^ Vassort G (2001). "Adenosine 5'-triphosphate: a P2-purinergic agonist in the myocardium". Physiol. Rev. 81 (2): 767–806. PMID 11274344. 
  4. ^ Chizh BA, Illes P (2001). "P2X receptors and nociception". Pharmacol. Rev. 53 (4): 553–68. PMID 11734618. 
  5. ^ Gachet, C. (2006). "Regulation of Platelet Functions by P2 Receptors". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 46: 277–300. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141207. PMID 16402906.  edit
  6. ^ {{cite pmid | 19214778}
  7. ^ {{cite pmid | 22349510}
  8. ^ {{cite pmid | 22879061}
  9. ^ Burnstock G (2000). "P2X receptors in sensory neurones". Br J Anaesth 84 (4): 476–88. PMID 10823099. 
  10. ^ a b Gever JR, Cockayne DA, Dillon MP, Burnstock G, Ford AP (2006). "Pharmacology of P2X channels". Pflugers Arch. 452 (5): 513–37. doi:10.1007/s00424-006-0070-9. PMID 16649055. 
  11. ^ North, R. A. (2002). "Molecular physiology of P2X receptors". Physiological reviews 82 (4): 1013–1067. doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2002. PMID 12270951.  edit
  12. ^ Boué-Grabot, E.; Archambault, V.; Séguéla, P. (2000). "A protein kinase C site highly conserved in P2X subunits controls the desensitization kinetics of P2X(2) ATP-gated channels". The Journal of biological chemistry 275 (14): 10190–10195. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.14.10190. PMID 10744703.  edit
  13. ^ Surprenant, A.; North, R. A. (2009). "Signaling at Purinergic P2X Receptors". Annual Review of Physiology 71: 333–359. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100630. PMID 18851707.  edit
  14. ^ Kaczmarek-Hájek, K.; Lörinczi, É.; Hausmann, R.; Nicke, A. (2012). "Molecular and functional properties of P2X receptors—recent progress and persisting challenges". Purinergic Signalling 8 (3): 375–417. doi:10.1007/s11302-012-9314-7. PMC 3360091. PMID 22547202.  edit
  15. ^ Barrera, N. P.; Ormond, S. J.; Henderson, R. M.; Murrell-Lagnado, R. D.; Edwardson, J. M. (2005). "Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging Demonstrates that P2X2 Receptors Are Trimers but That P2X6 Receptor Subunits Do Not Oligomerize". Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 (11): 10759–10765. doi:10.1074/jbc.M412265200. PMID 15657042.  edit
  16. ^ Torres, G. E.; Egan, T. M.; Voigt, M. M. (1999). "Hetero-oligomeric assembly of P2X receptor subunits. Specificities exist with regard to possible partners". The Journal of biological chemistry 274 (10): 6653–6659. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.10.6653. PMID 10037762.  edit
  17. ^ Nicke A, Baumert HG, Rettinger J, Eichele A, Lambrecht G, Mutschler E, Schmalzing G (1998). "P2X1 and P2X3 receptors form stable trimers: a novel structural motif of ligand-gated ion channels". EMBO J. 17 (11): 3016–28. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.11.3016. PMC 1170641. PMID 9606184. 
  18. ^ Kawate T, Michel JC, Birdsong WT, Gouaux E. (2009). "Crystal structure of the ATP-gated P2X4 ion channel in the closed state". Nature 460 (7255): 592–598. doi:10.1038/nature08198. PMC 2720809. PMID 19641588. 
  19. ^ Migita, K.; Haines, W. R.; Voigt, M. M.; Egan, T. M. (2001). "Polar Residues of the Second Transmembrane Domain Influence Cation Permeability of the ATP-gated P2X2 Receptor". Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (33): 30934–30941. doi:10.1074/jbc.M103366200. PMID 11402044.  edit
  20. ^ Egan TM, Samways DS, Li Z (2006). "Biophysics of P2X receptors". Pflugers Arch. 452 (5): 501–12. doi:10.1007/s00424-006-0078-1. PMID 16708237. 
  21. ^ Roberts JA, Vial C, Digby HR, Agboh KC, Wen H, Atterbury-Thomas A, Evans RJ (2006). "Molecular properties of P2X receptors". Pflugers Arch. 452 (5): 486–500. doi:10.1007/s00424-006-0073-6. PMID 16607539. 
  22. ^ Evans RJ (2008). "Orthosteric and allosteric binding sites of P2X receptors". Eur. Biophys. J. 38 (3): 319–27. doi:10.1007/s00249-008-0275-2. PMID 18247022. 
  23. ^ Ding, S.; Sachs, F. (1999). "Single channel properties of P2X2 purinoceptors". The Journal of general physiology 113 (5): 695–720. doi:10.1085/jgp.113.5.695. PMC 2222910. PMID 10228183.  edit
  24. ^ Cao, L.; Broomhead, H. E.; Young, M. T.; North, R. A. (2009). "Polar Residues in the Second Transmembrane Domain of the Rat P2X2 Receptor That Affect Spontaneous Gating, Unitary Conductance, and Rectification". Journal of Neuroscience 29 (45): 14257–14264. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4403-09.2009. PMC 2804292. PMID 19906973.  edit
  25. ^ Kawate, T.; Robertson, J. L.; Li, M.; Silberberg, S. D.; Swartz, K. J. (2011). "Ion access pathway to the transmembrane pore in P2X receptor channels". The Journal of General Physiology 137 (6): 579–590. doi:10.1085/jgp.201010593. PMC 3105519. PMID 21624948.  edit
  26. ^ Shigetomi, E.; Kato, F. (2004). "Action Potential-Independent Release of Glutamate by Ca2+ Entry through Presynaptic P2X Receptors Elicits Postsynaptic Firing in the Brainstem Autonomic Network". Journal of Neuroscience 24 (12): 3125–3135. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0090-04.2004. PMID 15044552.  edit
  27. ^ Koshimizu, T. A.; Van Goor, F.; Tomić, M.; Wong, A. O.; Tanoue, A.; Tsujimoto, G.; Stojilkovic, S. S. (2000). "Characterization of calcium signaling by purinergic receptor-channels expressed in excitable cells". Molecular pharmacology 58 (5): 936–945. PMID 11040040.  edit
  28. ^ North, R. A. (2002). "Molecular physiology of P2X receptors". Physiological reviews 82 (4): 1013–1067. doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2002. PMID 12270951.  edit
  29. ^ Kaczmarek-Hájek, K.; Lörinczi, É.; Hausmann, R.; Nicke, A. (2012). "Molecular and functional properties of P2X receptors—recent progress and persisting challenges". Purinergic Signalling 8 (3): 375–417. doi:10.1007/s11302-012-9314-7. PMC 3360091. PMID 22547202.  edit
  30. ^ Chaumont, S.; Jiang, L. H.; Penna, A.; North, R. A.; Rassendren, F. (2004). "Identification of a Trafficking Motif Involved in the Stabilization and Polarization of P2X Receptors". Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 (28): 29628–29638. doi:10.1074/jbc.M403940200. PMID 15126501.  edit
  31. ^ Royle, S. J.; Bobanović, L. K.; Murrell-Lagnado, R. D. (2002). "Identification of a Non-canonical Tyrosine-based Endocytic Motif in an Ionotropic Receptor". Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (38): 35378–35385. doi:10.1074/jbc.M204844200. PMID 12105201.  edit
  32. ^ Khakh BS, Proctor W, Dunwiddie TV, Labarca C, Lester HA (1999). "Allosteric control of gating and kinetics at P2X(4) receptor channels". J. Neurosci. 19 (17): 7289–99. PMID 10460235. 
  33. ^ Priel A, Silberberg SD (2004). "Mechanism of ivermectin facilitation of human P2X4 receptor channels". J. Gen. Physiol. 123 (3): 281–93. doi:10.1085/jgp.200308986. PMC 2217454. PMID 14769846. 

[edit] External links
Cys-loop receptors
Zinc
Ionotropic glutamates
Ligand-gated only
Voltage- and ligand-gated
‘Orphan’
ATP-gated channels

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This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.

ATP P2X receptor Provide feedback

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External database links

PANDIT: PF00864
PROSITE: PDOC00932
Pseudofam: PF00864
SYSTERS: P2X_receptor
Transporter classification: 1.A.7

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR001429

P2X purinoceptors are cell membrane ion channels, gated by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides; they have been found to be widely expressed on mammalian cells, and, by means of their functional properties, can be differentiated into three sub-groups. The first group is almost equally well activated by ATP and its analogue alphabetamethyleneATP, whereas, the second group is not activated by the latter compound. A third type of receptor (also called P2Z) is distinguished by the fact that repeated or prolonged agonist application leads to the opening of much larger pores, allowing large molecules to traverse the cell membrane. This increased permeability rapidly leads to cell death, and lysis.

Molecular cloning studies have identified seven P2X receptor subtypes, designated P2X1-P2X7. These receptors are proteins that share 35-48% amino acid identity, and possess two putative transmembrane (TM) domains, separated by a long (~270 residues) intervening sequence, which is thought to form an extracellular loop. Around 1/4 of the residues within the loop are invariant between the cloned subtypes, including 10 characteristic cysteines.

Studies of the functional properties of heterologously expressed P2X receptors, together with the examination of their distribution in native tissues, suggests they likely occur as both homo- and heteromultimers in vivo [PUBMED:10414359, PUBMED:12270951].

This entry represents all P2X purinoreceptor subtypes.

Gene Ontology

The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.

Cellular component membrane (GO:0016020)
Molecular function ATP binding (GO:0005524)
ion channel activity (GO:0005216)
receptor activity (GO:0004872)
Biological process ion transport (GO:0006811)

Domain organisation

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(674)		 Meta
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(158)		 RP75
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(19)		 Full
(762)		 Representative proteomes NCBI
(674)		 Meta
(19)
RP15
(76)		 RP35
(97)		 RP55
(158)		 RP75
(284)
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  Seed
(19)		 Full
(762)		 Representative proteomes NCBI
(674)		 Meta
(19)
RP15
(76)		 RP35
(97)		 RP55
(158)		 RP75
(284)
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Curation and family details

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Seed source: Pfam-B_1590 (release 2.1)
Previous IDs: none
Type: Family
Author: Bateman A
Number in seed: 19
Number in full: 762
Average length of the domain: 263.70 aa
Average identity of full alignment: 36 %
Average coverage of the sequence by the domain: 83.68 %

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HMM build commands:
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 23193494 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
Model details:
Parameter Sequence Domain
Gathering cut-off 19.6 19.6
Trusted cut-off 24.3 19.7
Noise cut-off 19.4 19.2
Model length: 374
Family (HMM) version: 14
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Structures

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the P2X_receptor domain has been found. There are 7 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein seqence.

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