Summary: Armadillo-like

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Wikipedia: Armadillo repeats
Pfam
InterPro

This is the Wikipedia entry entitled "Armadillo repeats". More...

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Armadillo repeats Edit Wikipedia article

This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. Please help improve the article with a good introductory style. (December 2012)

Armadillo repeat domain

Structure of the armadillo domain of beta-catenin.^[1]

Identifiers

Symbol

Arm

Pfam clan

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

Armadillo repeat is the name of a characteristic, repetitive amino acid sequence found in Î²-catenin and many other proteins, like Î±-importin,^[2] plakoglobin,^[3] or adenomatous polyposis coli (APC).^[4] Its name derives from the historical name of the Î²-catenin gene in the fruitfly Drosophila: where they were first discovered. Armadillo repeats are approximately 40 amino acids long and proteins that contain them usually have many tandemly repeated copies.^[5]^[6] These tandem repeats usually fold together to form a single, rigid protein domain called the armadillo (ARM) domain. Because ARM domains can consist of a variable number of repeats, they are a good example of solenoid protein domains. The best characterized example of armadillo domains is found in Î²-catenin. Î²-catenin is a protein involved in linking cadherin cell adhesion proteins to the cytoskeleton,^[1] but the Armadillo repeat is found in a wide range of proteins with other functions. This type of protein domain is important in transducing WNT signals during embryonic development.

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b Huber AH, Nelson WJ, Weis WI (September 1997). "Three-dimensional structure of the armadillo repeat region of beta-catenin". Cell 90 (5): 871â82. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80352-9. PMID 9298899.
^ Herold A, Truant R, Wiegand H, Cullen BR (October 1998). "Determination of the functional domain organization of the importin alpha nuclear import factor". J. Cell Biol. 143 (2): 309â18. PMC 2132842. PMID 9786944. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2132842/.
^ McCrea PD, Turck CW, Gumbiner B (November 1991). "A homolog of the armadillo protein in Drosophila (plakoglobin) associated with E-cadherin". Science 254 (5036): 1359â61. PMID 1962194.
^ Hirschl D, Bayer P, MÃ¼ller O (March 1996). "Secondary structure of an armadillo single repeat from the APC protein". FEBS Lett. 383 (1-2): 31â6. PMID 8612785.
^ Peifer, M; Berg, S; Reynolds, AB (1994). "A repeating amino acid motif shared by proteins with diverse cellular roles". Cell 76 (5): 789â91. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90353-0. PMID 7907279. edit
^ Groves, MR; Barford, D (1999). "Topological characteristics of helical repeat proteins". Current opinion in structural biology 9 (3): 383â9. doi:10.1016/S0959-440X(99)80052-9. PMID 10361086. edit

[edit] External links

Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class TRG_NLS_Bipartite_1
Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class TRG_NLS_MonoCore_2
Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class TRG_NLS_MonoExtC_3
Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class TRG_NLS_MonoExtN_4
Armadillo Domain Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Armadillo/plakoglobin ARM repeat in PROSITE

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This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.

Armadillo-like Provide feedback

This domain contains armadillo-like repeats [1]. Proteins containing this domain interact with numerous other proteins, through these interactions they are involved in a wide variety of processes including carcinogenesis [2] control of cellular ageing and survival [1] regulation of circadian rhythm [3] and lysosomal sorting of G protein-coupled receptors [4].

Literature references

Heese K, Yamada T, Akatsu H, Yamamoto T, Kosaka K, Nagai Y, Sawada T;, J Cell Biochem. 2004;91:1030-1042.: Characterizing the new transcription regulator protein p60TRP. PUBMED:15034937 EPMC:15034937
Zhou X, Yang G, Huang R, Chen X, Hu G;, FEBS Lett. 2007;581:4943-4948.: SVH-B interacts directly with p53 and suppresses the transcriptional activity of p53. PUBMED:17904127 EPMC:17904127
Matsuki T, Kiyama A, Kawabuchi M, Okada M, Nagai K;, Brain Res. 2001;916:1-10.: A novel protein interacts with a clock-related protein, rPer1. PUBMED:11597585 EPMC:11597585
Whistler JL, Enquist J, Marley A, Fong J, Gladher F, Tsuruda P, Murray SR, Von Zastrow M;, Science. 2002;297:615-620.: Modulation of postendocytic sorting of G protein-coupled receptors. PUBMED:12142540 EPMC:12142540

External database links

PANDIT:	PF04826
Pseudofam:	PF04826
SYSTERS:	Arm_2

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR006911

This domain contains armadillo-like repeats [PUBMED:15034937]. Proteins containing this domain interact with numerous other proteins, through these interactions they are involved in a wide variety of processes including carcinogenesis [PUBMED:17904127], control of cellular ageing and survival [PUBMED:15034937], regulation of circadian rhythm [PUBMED:11597585] and lysosomal sorting of G protein-coupled receptors [PUBMED:12142540].

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

Loading domain graphics...

Pfam Clan

This family is a member of clan TPR (CL0020), which contains the following 117 members:

Adaptin_N Alkyl_sulf_dimr Apc3 Apc5 API5 Arm Arm_2 Avirulence BTAD CAS_CSE1 ChAPs CLASP_N Clathrin Clathrin-link Clathrin_propel Cnd1 Cnd3 Coatomer_E Cohesin_HEAT Cohesin_load CRM1_C Cse1 DNA_alkylation Drf_FH3 Drf_GBD DUF1822 DUF2225 DUF3385 DUF3458 DUF3808 DUF3856 EST1_DNA_bind FAT Fis1_TPR_C Fis1_TPR_N Foie-gras_1 GUN4 HAT HEAT HEAT_2 HEAT_EZ HEAT_PBS HemY_N IBB IBN_N IFRD KAP Leuk-A4-hydro_C LRV LRV_FeS MA3 MIF4G MIF4G_like MIF4G_like_2 MMS19_C Mo25 MRP-S27 NARP1 Neurochondrin Nro1 NSF Paf67 ParcG PC_rep PHAT PI3Ka PPP5 PPR PPR_1 PPR_2 PPR_3 Proteasom_PSMB PUF Rab5-bind Rapsyn_N RPN7 Sel1 SHNi-TPR SNAP SPO22 ST7 Suf SusD SusD-like SusD-like_2 SusD-like_3 Tcf25 TOM20_plant TPR_1 TPR_10 TPR_11 TPR_12 TPR_14 TPR_15 TPR_16 TPR_17 TPR_18 TPR_19 TPR_2 TPR_20 TPR_21 TPR_3 TPR_4 TPR_5 TPR_6 TPR_7 TPR_8 TPR_9 Upf2 V-ATPase_H_C V-ATPase_H_N Vac14_Fab1_bd Vitellogenin_N Vps39_1 W2 Xpo1 YfiO

Alignments

We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.

Alignment types

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:

seed: the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
full: the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
RP15/RP35/RP55/RP75: Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
NCBI: alignment generated by searching the NCBI sequence database using the family HMM
meta: alignment generated by searching the metagenomics sequence database using the family HMM

Viewing

You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:

jalview: a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
HTML: an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
PP/Heatmap: an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.
Pfam viewer: an HTML-based viewer that uses DAS to retrieve alignment fragments on request

Reformatting

You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:

Selex
Stockholm
FASTA
MSF

You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.

Downloading

You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.

View options

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.

	Seed (11)	Full (392)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (672)	Meta (4)
	Seed (11)	Full (392)	RP15 (33)	RP35 (46)	RP55 (80)	RP75 (216)	NCBI (672)	Meta (4)
Jalview	View	View	View	View	View	View	View	View
HTML	View	View	View	View	View	View
PP/heatmap	₁	View	View	View	View	View
Pfam viewer	View	View

¹Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available

Key: available, not generated, — not available.

Format an alignment

	Seed (11)	Full (392)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (672)	Meta (4)
	Seed (11)	Full (392)	RP15 (33)	RP35 (46)	RP55 (80)	RP75 (216)	NCBI (672)	Meta (4)
Alignment:
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.

	Seed (11)	Full (392)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (672)	Meta (4)
	Seed (11)	Full (392)	RP15 (33)	RP35 (46)	RP55 (80)	RP75 (216)	NCBI (672)	Meta (4)
Raw Stockholm	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download
Gzipped	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

External links

MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER3.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.

Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

Pfam-B_2700 (release 7.6)

Previous IDs:

DUF634;

Type:

Family

Author:

Kerrison ND, Eberhardt R

Number in seed:

11

Number in full:

392

Average length of the domain:

217.60 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

29 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

44.07 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 23193494 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	20.4	20.4
Trusted cut-off	20.4	20.4
Noise cut-off	20.3	20.3

Model length:

254

Family (HMM) version:

8

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

Sunburst
Tree

Sunburst controls

Show

This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...

This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.

How the sunburst is generated

The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.

In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:

superkingdom
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Colouring and labels

Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.

As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.

Missing taxonomic levels

Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.

Unmapped species names

The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.

So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".

Sub-species

Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.

Too many species/sequences

For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.

Loading sunburst data...

Tree controls

Hide

The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
save a plain text representation of the tree

Loading...

Please note: for large trees this can take some time. While the tree is loading, you can safely switch away from this tab but if you browse away from the family page entirely, the tree will not be loaded.

Archea	Eukaryota
Bacteria	Other sequences
Viruses	Unclassified
Viroids	Unclassified sequence

Family: Arm_2 (PF04826)

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